The animals were randomly distributed in 4 groups (n= 6): control hydroalcoholic solution Calcarea carbonica 30cH (Calc) and Baryta muriatica 30cH (Bar-m). The homeopathic medicines were prepared following the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The rats (Wistar, all male, with 22-23 months of age were used) were caged with access to food and water ad libitum and 12-hour light cycle (7:00 am to 7:00 pm). The study was approved by the animal experimentation ethics committee of Santo Amaro University (07/2015). The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of homeopathic medicines on testicle histomorphometry in senescence/senility. Over time, the elderly begin exhibiting signs of function reduction. Our results suggest that apical bulkheads are cell-intrinsic anisotropic mechanical elements that determine the elongation of BC during liver tissue morphogenesis.Īging is an extremely complex and multifactorial process. Strikingly, we could reengineer hepatocyte polarity in embryonic liver tissue, converting BC into epithelial tubes. Silencing of Rab35 resulted in loss of apical bulkheads and lumen anisotropy, leading to cyst formation. These previously unrecognized structures form a pattern, reminiscent of the bulkheads of boats, also present in the developing and adult liver. Here, by studying lumenogenesis in differentiating mouse hepatoblasts in vitro, we discovered that adjacent hepatocytes assemble a pattern of specific extensions of the apical membrane traversing the lumen and ensuring its anisotropic expansion. In the liver, however, hepatocytes share the apical surface only between adjacent cells and form narrow lumina that grow anisotropically, generating a 3D network of bile canaliculi (BC). In several organs, epithelial cells share their apical surfaces to form a tubular lumen. Lumen morphogenesis results from the interplay between molecular pathways and mechanical forces. These findings infer that environmentally relevant atrazine doses (low or high) could induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in adult male Xenopus laevis frogs and potentially related aquatic organisms. Furthermore, expression of caspase-3 indicates glomerular and tubular apoptosis in atrazine-exposed animals. Evaluation of renal histopathology revealed degradation and atrophy of the glomerulus, vacuolization, thick loop of Henle tubule epithelial cells devolution and dilation of the tubular lumen. Additionally, histochemical labelling of caspase-3 in the sinusoidal endothelium was observed in all the treated groups, indicating vascular compromise. Histopathological observations of derangement, hypertrophy, vascular congestion and dilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells incursion, apoptosis and hepatocytes cell death were observed with atrazine exposure, mostly in the 500 μg/L group. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the 200 and 500 μg/L groups but malondialdehyde only in the 500 μg/L group (p < 0.05). Forty adult male frogs were allocated to four treatment groups (control, one ATZ (0.01 µg/L), two ATZ (200 µg/L) and three ATZ (500 µg/L), 10 animals per group, for 90 days. However, we investigated the impact of atrazine on the renal and hepatic biochemistry and histomorphology in adult male frogs. Several studies have focused on its immunological and endocrine effects on adult Xenopus laevis species. Atrazine (ATZ) is an herbicide commonly detected in groundwater.